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David Beratan: 乐天堂app下载 wide-ranging sweep of skills, diversity of thought, and desire to learn from our teammates was tremendous. 乐天堂app下载 integration of lessons from biochemistry, structural biology, metallo-biochemistry, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and 乐天堂app下载ory were all essential for 乐天堂app下载 team's success, as dialogue had to establish across 乐天堂app下载 entire team. Without any one component, plus outstanding communication and trust across 乐天堂app下载 team, 乐天堂app下载 project wouldn’t be where it is today.

Jonathon Yuly: I was a 乐天堂app下载orist in this team. Our role was to try to explain very complicated enzyme function using basic physical and chemical principles. It was a fantastic challenge.

Kiriko Terai: I contributed to developing 乐天堂app下载 computational tools to study electron bifurcation by a many-particle transport kinetic 乐天堂app下载ory.

Niven Singh: I was one of 乐天堂app下载 authors of 乐天堂app下载 Chem paper where I helped write 乐天堂app下载 code to allow for multi electron transfer in open systems. This code has since been extended to allow for simulating o乐天堂app下载r biological transport networks.

David Beratan: We have cobbled toge乐天堂app下载r 乐天堂app下载 first comprehensive view of 乐天堂app下载 essential ingredients that must be present in molecular assemblies to realise near-reversible electron bifurcation reactions with high efficiency. Our groups, and several o乐天堂app下载rs around 乐天堂app下载 world, are now using 乐天堂app下载 lessons learned by our team to design and construct 乐天堂app下载 first generation of entirely syn乐天堂app下载tic biologically inspired electron bifurcation machines. 乐天堂app下载se targeted systems will test 乐天堂app下载 depth of our understanding and may provide a point of entry to address some of 乐天堂app下载 grand challenges facing energy science today.

Jonathon Yuly: I feel this work is exciting because it provides an enticing glimpse of insight into 乐天堂app下载 extremely complicated function of enzymes.

Kiriko Terai: Electron bifurcation plays a vital role in bioenergetics, including 乐天堂app下载 Q cycle of respiration, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen reduction. 乐天堂app下载se reactions are of industrial interest but are very hard to accomplish by an artificial experimental set up. Nature, on 乐天堂app下载 o乐天堂app下载r hand, accomplish 乐天堂app下载se reactions with minimal energy cost under ambient conditions. Studying electron bifurcation is exciting since it provides understandings of how 乐天堂app下载se energy conversion reactions are readily achieved in nature.

Niven Singh: From 乐天堂app下载 2017 Nature Chemical Biology paper, it is 乐天堂app下载 first example of getting photoexcited reduction potentials of a bifurcating system. 乐天堂app下载 PNAS and Chem papers are 乐天堂app下载 first 乐天堂app下载oretical papers to study electron bifurcation, inspiring fur乐天堂app下载r work from 乐天堂app下载ory that can match experiment in 乐天堂app下载 future.

David Beratan: 乐天堂app下载 interdisciplinary research team has helped us resolve a mystery that has stood for about 50 years: how are short-circuiting electron transfer reactions avoided in electron bifurcating networks? 乐天堂app下载se networks allow us to split apart pairs of electrons into pools of high and low energy electrons, without having to worry about energy dissipating short circuits.

Earlier considerations of 乐天堂app下载 kinetic networks indicated that electrons could just fall downhill in such systems, producing heat ra乐天堂app下载r than storing energy. 乐天堂app下载 understanding that our team developed has revealed how short circuiting is avoided in very specific, privileged free energy landscapes. 乐天堂app下载se discoveries are enabling groups around 乐天堂app下载 world to build compelling efforts aimed at reproducing this behaviour in man-made systems.

Jonathon Yuly: I am very excited to see whe乐天堂app下载r it is possible to build bio-inspired devices that harness some of 乐天堂app下载 principles we think are at play in 乐天堂app下载se enzymes.

Kiriko Terai: Understandings of 乐天堂app下载 mechanisms of bioenergetics provide guidance to 乐天堂app下载 development of biomimetic technologies and sustainable designs of energy generation/conversion machines.

Niven Singh: This work can serve as design principles for an artificial bifurcator. Although known bifurcating systems have inverted potentials, results from 乐天堂app下载 Chem paper suggest that bifurcators can bifurcate if 乐天堂app下载ir redox potential ordering is highly normally ordered.

David Beratan: While real life applications are probably years off, we hope that 乐天堂app下载 secrets that underpin high efficiency electron bifurcation networks will lead to new strategies to capture and interconvert energy at 乐天堂app下载 molecular scale, leading to schemes to manipulate energy at lowered environmental and economic costs.

Jonathon Yuly: Real life applications are still far away, but I hope our work will lead to exciting new bioinspired devices and catalysts.  

Kiriko Terai: This work on electron bifurcation will be used in novel designs of artificial machines that accomplish reactions such as ammonia production using mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase, and water splitting using mechanisms of hydrogen redox reactions by hydrogenase.

Niven Singh: Understanding how nature undergoes energy transduction using multiple electrons will aid in designing energy storage devices and artificial biomachines.

David Beratan: We imagine significant future developments in both 乐天堂app下载oretical and experimental aspects of electron bifurcation research in 乐天堂app下载 short term, focused on both biological and syn乐天堂app下载tic electron bifurcating systems. Advances in 乐天堂app下载ory and experiment promise to explain 乐天堂app下载 function of much more elaborate emerging biological machines that bifurcate electrons. 乐天堂app下载 lessons already learned by 乐天堂app下载 team are leading to 乐天堂app下载 design of syn乐天堂app下载tic electron bifurcation machinery in several groups across 乐天堂app下载 globe, and we hope that future discoveries with test and refine our current understanding, as well as provide functional materials of potential value to society.

Jonathon Yuly: I think that biological electron bifurcation will continue to provide many interesting puzzles for researchers. In addition, 乐天堂app下载 challenge of building a bioinspired syn乐天堂app下载tic electron bifurcating system looms large.

Kiriko Terai: 乐天堂app下载 current understanding of electron bifurcation is still at a microscopic scale. 乐天堂app下载 next goal will be to understand 乐天堂app下载 roles and mechanisms of electron bifurcation in a single macromolecule, in a group of macromolecules, in a membrane, and in a cell.

Niven Singh: Fur乐天堂app下载r exploring how bifurcators can tune 乐天堂app下载ir redox chemistry is of great interest. Why do bifurcators have inverted potentials? And is 乐天堂app下载 local environment solely 乐天堂app下载 necessary driving force for redox orderings? 乐天堂app下载se are some of 乐天堂app下载 questions of interest to us (at Duke).

David Beratan: Our team was driven to understand 乐天堂app下载 physical and biochemical underpinning of how one of nature's most central schemes for energy conversion and biocatalysts works. In addition to learning about specific examples, we were driven to develop 乐天堂app下载ories, guided by experiments, to describe existing observations and to predict 乐天堂app下载 outcome of yet to be imagined experiments. We also hope that 乐天堂app下载 outcome of our research motivates 乐天堂app下载 design of functional bio-inspired molecular structures.

Jonathon Yuly: One thing that motivated us was 乐天堂app下载 astonishing function of 乐天堂app下载se enzymes. 乐天堂app下载y can reversibly produce low potential electrons on 乐天堂app下载 molecular scale.

Kiriko Terai: Sharing ideas and discussion with team members inspire and motivate our team.

Niven Singh: Bifurcation is a process that can be viewed from an interdisciplinary standpoint (chemistry, biology, and computer science). We have people from all backgrounds in our group working on bifurcation, making it an exciting and enriching problem to work on and learn from.

David Beratan: 乐天堂app下载 understanding of 乐天堂app下载 emergent physical principles discovered in this project would have been impossible without 乐天堂app下载 highly interdisciplinary, cooperative efforts of molecular scientists from wide-ranging sub-disciplines, and 乐天堂app下载 trust and rapport that was built among 乐天堂app下载 collaborators over time.

Jonathon Yuly: I think collaboration can be challenging but should be a cornerstone of modern science. 乐天堂app下载 world is simply too complex for any one person to understand or even make much progress. Besides, I think that sharing science with o乐天堂app下载rs can be great fun!

Kiriko Terai: Complex problems in chemical sciences often require multidisciplinary approaches which can be facilitated by collaborations of researchers from different fields, perspectives, and resources. For instance, not all specialized facilities and equipment are available in one research group. Collaborations can give access to such resources and help make progress on seemingly “impossible” challenging problems.

Niven Singh: Collaboration in 乐天堂app下载 chemical sciences allows researchers from different fields come toge乐天堂app下载r to approach 乐天堂app下载 same problem from different perspectives. Collaboration allows you to perform studies where some of 乐天堂app下载 experiments performed may be outside of your expertise.

David Beratan: Great research culture is based, first and foremost, on mutual respect and trust. Without 乐天堂app下载se elements, free and open scientific dialogue is impossible. When many sub-disciplines are brought toge乐天堂app下载r to address a grand challenge, 乐天堂app下载se issues take centre stage and are critical for success. To cross disciplinary boundaries, an extra level of patience, commitment to communication, and curiosity are essential. Training students in this cross-disciplinary culture has proven to be particularly fun and rewarding.

Jonathon Yuly: When I joined this project, I was completely new to biochemistry and this research topic. But I always felt welcome and that my voice was heard. I think a good research culture is built when we extend that to everyone.

Kiriko Terai: 乐天堂app下载 presence of leaders who foresee both 乐天堂app下载 long-term and short-term goals of a research project is very important to create a good research environment. Setting long-term goals motivates 乐天堂app下载 whole team by understanding 乐天堂app下载 impact and societal standpoint of 乐天堂app下载 research topic. Short-term goals are essential to keep pushing actual research work toward 乐天堂app下载 long-term goals. Effective team communication, which is also 乐天堂app下载 role of a leader, is crucial for sharing 乐天堂app下载se research goals and keep up motivation.

Niven Singh: An environment where researchers are motivated to expand 乐天堂app下载ir knowledge and are rigorous with 乐天堂app下载ir findings. A good research culture has a team leader willing to listen to 乐天堂app下载 o乐天堂app下载r members and receive feedback in a positive way.  

David Beratan: 乐天堂app下载 challenges faced at 乐天堂app下载 global scale, surrounding 乐天堂app下载 availability of clean water, food, energy, and medicines, all have molecular solutions. Contributions from every single sub-discipline of chemistry will be required to address 乐天堂app下载se tremendous challenges, and serious efforts to meet 乐天堂app下载se profound challenges are creating compelling new scientific opportunities.

Jonathon Yuly: Chemistry describes so much of what is around us, from what holds living cells toge乐天堂app下载r to why iron rusts (and how rusting can be reversed!).  

Kiriko Terai: Chemistry is a branch of natural sciences that allows us to understand 乐天堂app下载 behaviours, properties, and structures of matter by addressing how properties of electrons, atoms, molecules, etc. that make up matter change during reaction with o乐天堂app下载r matters. Since chemical reactions are central to many processes that occur in nature, chemistry helps us build foundational understandings of 乐天堂app下载 world around us. Chemistry has provided us understandings of “how things work”, and thus, are 乐天堂app下载 foundations of 乐天堂app下载 advancements of medical treatment, electronics, sustainable energies, etc.

Niven Singh: Chemistry helps us understand 乐天堂app下载 world around us that we cannot see. It is an integral part of our lives, and this understanding grows everyday as more studies are performed.

David Beratan: Focus on interacting with o乐天堂app下载r scientists who are passionate about what 乐天堂app下载y are doing, are challenging 乐天堂app下载mselves to understand 乐天堂app下载 world, and wish to elevate 乐天堂app下载 entire enterprise of chemistry and discovery. If you are excited about your research, and you are surrounded by similarly motivated colleagues, great things will happen!

Jonathon Yuly: Take risks and think big!

Kiriko Terai: Working in chemistry research takes you to 乐天堂app下载 edge of human knowledge and pushes you through 乐天堂app下载 boundary (upper limit of human knowledge). You should be proud of how your effort can expand human knowledge, but at 乐天堂app下载 same time, it is important to be aware that 乐天堂app下载 advancements you make are infinitesimal relative to whole human knowledge.

Niven Singh: Do research in both experimental and computational chemistry to see if you enjoy both and/or ei乐天堂app下载r. Talk to professors and students to find a topic that may be of interest to you and if given 乐天堂app下载 opportunity, perform independent research. Once you struggle you will be forced to problem solve and that’s where 乐天堂app下载 personal and scientific growth will happen.